br Developed SOAR and DMAP AR The developed

Developed SOAR and 3DMAP-AR The developed SOAR and 3DMAP-AR for urban landscape simulation run on a smartphone with standard specifications, including an Android 2.2 operating system and Open GL-ES 2.0. For the 3DMAP-AR, the applied 3D map includes Google Maps API and a digital evaluation model (DEM). Google Maps API allows switching between the normal map mode and the aerial photo mode. The DEM allows switching between the digital terrain model (DTM), which can represent ground surfaces without objects such as plants and buildings, and the digital surface model (DSM), which can represent the earth׳s surface and all objects on it. The conceptual diagram and AR screenshots of SOAR and 3DMAP-AR are shown in Figure 1. The flow of the developed system is illustrated in Figure 2 and described as follows:
Registration accuracy of a video image and 3DCG
Conclusion AR has been used as a landscape simulation system that provides immersive experience because 3D landscape assessment objects are superimposed on the present surroundings. Meanwhile, an issue in VR is the considerable amount of time and cost needed to create a 3D model of the present terrain and buildings. Therefore, this study developed a 3DMAP-AR system that realizes geometric registration using a 3D map instead of GPS in obtaining position data, a gyroscope Puromycin in obtaining posture data, and a video camera in capturing live video of present surroundings. These applications were all mounted in a smartphone for urban landscape assessment. Registration accuracy was evaluated to simulate an urban landscape from a short- to a long-range scale, with the latter involving a distance of approximately 2000m. The contributions of this research are as follows:
Introduction Many researchers have shown the significant role of windows in buildings. Windows are important in controlling the amount of natural light admitted from the exterior environment into the buildings. It has been shown that building occupants feel windows are important due to their preference for having natural light over electric light (e.g., Hartig et al., 2003; Chang and Chen, 2005; Aries et al., 2010). Several studies have reported beneficial and restorative effects of views on a natural scene (e.g., Tennessen and Cimprich, 1995; Berman et al., 2008), whereas views on human-built environments yield effects, which are similar to having no window at all (Kaplan, 1993). Kim and Wineman (2005) showed empirically that views and windows have psychological and economic values. Moreover, a proper use of natural light would potentially save considerable amount of energy from artificial lighting use (e.g., Hammad and Abu-Hijleh, 2010; Yun et al., 2010). In a general term, the correct application of a daylighting strategy in buildings increases visual comfort and energy efficiency (Galasiu and Veitch, 2006). Despite all of its advantages, the quality and quantity of natural light is highly variable, and its availability is limited in time and space. For instance, there is not enough or no daylight at all during nighttimes; buildings can be too deep to supply sufficient daylight throughout the space (Reinhart, 2005; Reinhart and Weismann, 2012) and some rooms are simply not provided with windows, skylights, or any form of daylight transporting systems, and therefore are not suitable for long-term working activities. In the cases where a real natural lighting solution is absent or ineffective, for instance due to space and time limitation, the concept of Virtual Natural Lighting Solutions (VNLS) can be promising to overcome the problem of lack of daylight. VNLS are defined here as “systems that can artificially provide natural lighting as well as a realistic outside view, with properties comparable to those of real daylight openings”. A number of efforts have been made to imitate one or more elements of natural light inside buildings, in the form of artificial solutions. Originally, the efforts were more focused on bringing ‘view’ of an outside condition into the room. Attempts to create a realistic artificial view have been under development for centuries. For example, in art history, trompe l׳oeil is known as an art technique involving realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects appear in three dimensions, while actually being a two-dimensional painting. This technique can be traced back to the ancient Greek era around the year 400 BC, and was well-developed mostly by Italian artists between the 15th and 17th century. Despite very inspiring, this example is not discussed further in detail, since it is not an actual light source, nor a device that can transmit light from outside environment. Nevertheless, the concept of displaying artificial sceneries of nature is still used in the later form of VNLS prototypes. Some researchers have shown that artificial views, which do not emit light themselves, can actually give positive effect on human health (e.g., Heerwagen, 1990; Ulrich et al., 1993).